木棉花的春天

2月初，韩国政府宣布，韩国医学院将从明年开始扩招65%，在现在每年三千多人的基础上，再多招两千名学生，想要通过扩招，来解决长期以来的医患比例失衡问题。

结果这一石激起千层浪，韩国医生和医学生马上就跳出来表示反对，而在被政府拒绝之后，他们立刻就启动了全国范围的罢工罢课。         China's new geological map of the moon Photo: Courtesy of Institute of Geology under the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS)
A massive new geological map of the moon, measuring about 2.8 meters long and 1.2 meters high, has recently made its debut in China, offering one of the most comprehensive portraits yet of the lunar surface and its billions of years of geological evolution.
Compiled by the Institute of Geology under the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), together with the Institute of Geochemistry under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin University, Shandong University and China University of Geosciences (Beijing), the 1:5,000,000-scale Geological Map of the moon marks 13,519 impact craters, 81 impact basins, 14 types of geological structures and 17 rock types, and includes detailed inset maps of the lunar north and south poles.
More than simply a new rendering of the lunar surface, the map incorporates the latest findings from China's Chang'e lunar exploration program. Scientists involved in the project told the Global Times in exclusive interviews that the new map recalibrates key boundaries in the moon's geological chronology, updates the distribution of important lunar rock types and establishes a more systematic framework for interpreting the moon's evolution.
"The Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 missions have successively returned samples from the moon's near and far side, producing findings that have significantly changed our understanding of lunar evolution," Ding Xiaozhong, a researcher at the Institute of Geology under CAGS and a core member of the mapping team, told the Global Times.
Samples showed that volcanic activity on the moon continued until about 2 billion years ago - roughly one billion years later than previously thought under the conventional framework. Meanwhile, observations and samples from the lunar far side have provided new information about the composition and magmatic history of the moon's deep interior, Ding said.
"These new discoveries created an urgent need for a new and systematic geological map that could integrate the latest data and research results and establish an updated framework for understanding lunar geology," he noted.
The 1:5,000,000 scale was chosen with practical applications in mind. Compared with China's more detailed 1:2,500,000 lunar geological atlas released in 2024, the new map provides a more condensed, global view of the Moon, enabling researchers to quickly identify major geological relationships while also making it suitable for education, popular science and the early-stage planning of exploration missions.
Jin Ming, an associate researcher at the Institute of Geology under CAGS, told the Global Times that the project also represents an important step toward establishing a mature Chinese standard for planetary geological mapping. Its newly designed symbols, legends and color system have been certified as a group standard by the Geological Society of China, filling a gap in China's standardized rules for planetary geological mapping.
Although the latest project formally began in 2022 and took about four years to complete, Ding and Jin said its scientific foundations stretch back decades. Data accumulation and methodology development began with China's early lunar exploration missions, particularly after Chang'e-1 started returning scientific data. Several generations of Chinese planetary geologists have since developed a comprehensive system for lunar geological interpretation, remote-sensing data processing and map compilation.
One of the toughest challenges was bringing together enormous quantities of remote-sensing data obtained by different instruments, Jin said. Different payloads aboard the Chang'e probes produced data with varying resolutions and spectral characteristics, requiring specially developed algorithms as well as extensive manual verification to place them under a unified mapping standard.
"We had to make the different datasets compatible under the same system while striking a balance between scientific completeness and visual clarity - avoiding information overload without losing critical geological clues," Jin said.
China previously released the world's first 1:2,500,000-scale high-precision lunar geological atlas in 2024. The newly completed 1:5,000,000 map is therefore not simply a reduced-scale copy, the scientists stressed, but a scientific update incorporating newly available data and revised interpretations of lunar chronology, lithology and geological evolution.
China's new lunar geological map has achieved an all-round improvement over previous versions and is now at the international forefront, Ding said. 
We are the only country to have exclusive access to directly measured sampling data from the Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 missions. By using age anchors from lunar samples independently obtained by China to calibrate the geological chronology, this new data source and calibration system represents a core advantage of China."
Like Earth, which is divided into geological periods such as the Cambrian and Jurassic, the Moon also has a geological timescale. One of the most significant tasks behind the new map was to recalibrate that "lunar clock."
According to Jin, the recalibration draws on two major sources - the latest international isotopic dating results, including updated measurements of Apollo samples and lunar meteorites, and the precise age obtained from Chang'e-5 samples.
The latter provided an especially important chronological anchor. Radiometric dating of Chang'e-5 basalt has placed its age at roughly 2 billion years, demonstrating that lunar volcanism persisted far later than had once been assumed and substantially changing scientists' picture of the moon's late-stage thermal evolution.
Based on the updated evidence, the team refined the starting ages of several ancient lunar periods, including the Aitkenian, Nectarian and Imbrian periods, to approximately 4.33 billion, 4.17 billion and 3.92 billion years ago, respectively.
More significantly, the researchers used the 2-billion-year age boundary to divide the Eratosthenian into an early and a late epoch. The team said this marks the first time an age boundary derived from samples independently collected by China has been incorporated into such a detailed Chinese lunar geological chronology.
"The moon's story itself has not changed, but its timeline has," Jin said. "We once thought that major lunar volcanism had essentially cooled down about 3 billion years ago. Now we know that the Moon remained volcanically active until at least about 2 billion years ago. That means the thermal evolution of the lunar interior and many of the causal relationships in its later history need to be re-examined."
Ding highlighted a newly mapped rock type in the South Pole-Aitken Basin - gabbronorite - identified with the help of the latest Chang'e-4 and Chang'e-6 exploration results. 
The vast basin on the lunar far side is one of the moon's largest and oldest impact crater.
"This is like being able to directly see material from deeper inside the moon," Ding said. "Previously, much of this could only be inferred from remote-sensing observations. With Chang'e-4 in-situ exploration and Chang'e-6's returned samples, we now have much stronger evidence for identifying its existence and distribution."
Another important revision concerns KREEP, a lunar geochemical component enriched in potassium, rare-earth elements and phosphorus and commonly associated with elevated concentrations of radioactive heat-producing elements such as thorium and uranium.
According to Ding, earlier models suggested that KREEP-rich material was concentrated in a relatively limited area. Higher-resolution data used in the new mapping project indicate a broader and more continuous distribution than previously thought, suggesting that its abundance may have been underestimated.
Ding said the finding is scientifically important not only for assessing potentially resource-rich lunar materials, but also because the distribution of KREEP provides clues to the crystallization of the early lunar magma ocean, the thickness of the lunar crust and the moon's internal thermal evolution.
The map's colors also carry geological meaning. The team follows a principle of "lighter for younger, darker for older": relatively young Copernican impact materials are depicted in bright pale yellow, ancient Aitkenian impact materials in deep purplish red, while mare basalts are represented in varying shades of blue.
"The color system combines the logic of geological evolution with elements of traditional Chinese color aesthetics, giving China's lunar geological maps a distinctive scientific and visual identity," Ding said.
Beyond basic science, the researchers said the new geological map can serve as a strategic base map for China's future lunar exploration, including subsequent Chang'e missions and planning related to the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS).
A refined geological chronology can help scientists understand the age and modification history of candidate regions; updated rock mapping can identify areas of particular scientific or resource interest; and the global-scale representation allows mission planners to compare broad regions before moving to higher-resolution site studies.
Asked whether the map could directly support the Chang'e-7 and Chang'e-8 missions, Jin stressed that its role is primarily strategic rather than tactical.
"The 1:5,000,000 geological map is a global-scale foundational map. It can be used for broad comparisons of potential landing regions and for evaluating their overall geological context," Jin said. "Precise landing-site selection and detailed rover-route planning, however, require higher-resolution regional geological maps. The two work together, moving progressively from the global scale to finer regional scales."
The scientists also stressed that the map is intended to be shared with the international scientific community. Digital versions are expected to be released through professional publications and public scientific databases, while the standardized symbols and mapping rules could facilitate exchanges with other planetary geological mapping systems.
Ding said significant room remains for international cooperation, from comparing and translating different geological mapping standards to joint studies of the evolution of the lunar far side and the origin of the ancient South Pole-Aitken Basin.
"China possesses unique exploration data and returned lunar samples, which provide a strong foundation for cooperation," Ding said, adding that planetary science, scientific training and deep-space exploration technologies all offer potential areas for expanded exchanges.
"A precise geological map of the moon is an important foundation for humanity to explore deep space and understand the universe," Jin said.
The latest map, he noted, is not an endpoint. As China proceeds with subsequent lunar exploration missions and acquires new observations and samples, the geological picture of the Moon will continue to be refined.
"Future exploration will allow us to keep updating our understanding of lunar geology," Jin said. "At the same time, we hope these results can contribute to broader international scientific cooperation and to humanity's exploration of the moon."
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这一下子，全韩国的病人可遭了秧，各大医院的手术量直接腰斩，就连癌症病人治疗都被无限延后，孕妇的剖腹产也被取消，甚至还有韩国网友爆料，自己的奶奶因为透析推迟而去世。

闹到这个地步，韩国上下可以说是鸡飞狗跳，让本来就进入负数的人口增长率又雪上加霜。

医学院扩招为什么会激起如此强烈的反弹？这场罢工行动，是不是如韩国政府所说的那样，完全是在反对扩招呢？

实际上，医生罢工，在韩国早就不算是什么新闻，光2000年以后，就发生过4次，算是坚定地践行了三年一小罢，五年一大罢的斗争传统。

从2006年开始，韩国医学院录取人数就一直限制在3058人，相比5000万的总人口，可以说韩国医学院的选材，是真正做到了万里挑一。

但这样低的招生比例，造成的结果就是韩国医患比例严重失衡。

按照经合组织的数据，韩国每1000人中仅有2.2名医生，在发达国家中排名垫底，并远远低于该组织3.7的平均水平，而且相比人均GDP远不如自己的墨西哥也只高了0.1。

报告显示，韩国医生全年人均接诊患者高达6113名，相当于每天上班都得看16到17个病人，接诊数量位列经合组织之首，是平均水平的3.4倍，而且相比于第二名的日本，也断崖式领先了1800多人。

然而，尽管韩国医生也在抱怨，日常工作太辛苦，病人永远都看不完，但只要政府敢说要提升医生数量，他们又会第一个跳出来反对。

B |

包括前面提到的，为什么医学院录取人数要卡死在3058这个数？那也是十几年前，韩国医界跟政府反复博弈交涉后的结果。

甚至在2020年，当时的文在寅政府想趁疫情推动扩招，提出每年扩招400人，也一样因为医生罢工反对而流产。

要知道，那时候因为要应对新冠冲击，韩国整个医疗系统都累得人仰马翻，但韩国医界却坚持运用了一套“韩医不等式”：我很累≠缺医生，即便医生过劳猝死新闻时有发生，每周上班超过80个小时的大有人在，韩国医界仍然是一直拒绝承认扩招的合理性。

那为啥一个个都干得这么累了，却还要这么极力反对扩招呢？

其实在外界看来，韩国医生几十年如一日地排斥扩招，最主要的原因，不过就是想要维持自身的垄断地位。

在本次扩招风波中，一条经合组织的调查数据被广泛引用。

它显示在2020年，韩国医生仅算平均的工资收入，一年下来就有将近20万美元，相当于140万人民币，这不但在经合组织里排名第一，而且在韩国国内，医生收入也是一般工薪阶层的4到7倍。

可以说，在韩国，只要能当上医生，就等于是一步登天，立刻就实现了阶层上的大跳跃。

所以韩国高考本来就卷，考医学院更是卷中之卷，不少人甚至能够连续复读五六年，就是为了死磕医学院。

像最近3年，韩国国立大学医学院一共录取了1121名学生，其中911人居然都是往届生，等于说应届高中生能考上的还不足两成。

而这种激烈的竞争，又反过来，让医学生的精英意识变得非常浓厚。

包括这次罢工抗议，医界反对的理由之一，就是认为扩招会降低医疗水平。

C |

韩国医师协会曾经拍过一个宣传片，里头给观众提了这么一个问题，说：“在生死关头，你们是想要全校第一给你看病，还是想要那些上学时就不认真，却因为扩招而混进来的学生给你看病？”

咱们暂且先不评论这句话的逻辑到底对不对，但就前半句来看，在韩国除了医生，还真没有第二个职业能这么理直气壮地以“全校第一”自居了。

而且就像前面说的，很多人是复读多年，内卷到了极致，才考上了医学院。

结果现在跟我们说以后要扩招，考试难度要下降，那我们以前不是白卷了吗？这心理立刻就不平衡了。

D |

所以这次不单是韩国医生参与罢工，几千个在读的医学生也在跟进罢课。他们摆出的态度是：这书就算是不读了，也坚决不跟“差生”当同学。

但在政府和民众眼里，医生的这种骄傲却实在是有些过头。

首先韩国医生确实紧缺，然后呢，医生和医学生上了车就想焊门的行为，也着实令人反感。

一般韩国人就觉得：没错，医学生的学习成绩是最好的，但尖子生也不代表说什么好处都是你们的呀？看看全世界，哪有一个国家的医生，会因为扩招罢工的？你们这不是拿病人的性命在勒索吗？你们反对来，反对去，说到底，不就是怕医生变多了，让收入下降吗？

民调也显示，扩招政策获得了近八成韩国人的支持，而罢工发生后，各种医疗延误、推迟乃至患者死亡的事件，也让民众对医界的批评不断增加。

而有民意撑腰，现在韩国政府的态度，也是近年来最为强硬的。

E |

抗议开始时，政府就发布了医疗危机警报，23号，又将医疗危机警报上升至最高的“严重”级。

F |

并组建特别中央对策本部，派出军医和公卫医生，建立应急医院接待病人，等于是用应对战争的姿态来对付罢工。

同时，政府下达返岗令，还派出检察官，要求医生立即返岗复诊。并且警告，如果不服从命令，就会采取法律手段，最多可以判3年有期徒刑，处以3000万韩元（约合人民币17.4万元）的罚金，政府还威胁要吊销医师的执业证书。

然而，即便政府强硬，舆论反对，韩国医生却依然不愿有丝毫妥协，甚至在返岗令发出后，还有不少医生选择辞职来表达抗议。

那么问题就来了，韩国医生为什么要在这么一个荒唐的事情上，如此坚持呢？他们真的只是在反对扩招吗？

其实站在医生的角度，韩国医疗人力不足的原因要复杂得多。

G |

在医师协会的意见里，现在韩国医疗的真正问题是过度市场化，这导致大量医生都去搞整形、美容赚大钱，而像儿科、妇产科这类的基础医疗项目，却越来越无人问津。

而这些年来，韩国人的内卷是全方位加剧，早就从学历蔓延到了相貌仪表，所以整个市场越做越大，水涨船高之下，医美从业者的收入也越来越高。

香港的《明报》统计就发现，在所有医生专业中，整形外科以236万港元的年薪排名第三，仅次于胸外科和眼科。

而同样是以医美为主的皮肤科排在第九位，年薪177万，高于内科和妇产科。收入垫底的则是家庭医学科和儿科，分别为88万和64万，相比头部的科目，足足差了三四倍。

更关键的是，相比门槛较低的医美项目，其他医生投入学习的时间还更加漫长。

一个普通科医学生，刚毕业拿到行医执照，就能直接从事皮肤美容。

H | 但如果他想晋升为专科的妇产科大夫，就还得经过四到五年的培训和实习。

这两边投入和产出如此不成比例，那医学生当然都更愿意去给人拉双眼皮，而不是守在手术台边给孩子剪脐带了。

I |

另外，这种在医疗上的逐利就业，也导致了大部分医疗资源都往首都集中。

J |

所以一方面，在首尔核心的江南区，各种形式的医美诊所比咖啡店都多，另一方面却是地方医院和苦逼科室，长期都面临招不到医生的窘境。

有资料显示，2018年至2022年，韩国新申请开设的979家普通诊所中，86%都涉及医美。

而儿科、外科、妇产科、急诊科等“必备科室”医生，却从10年前的2500多减少到了现在2000人不到。

儿科招聘率常年在四分之一上下，非首都地区的住院医师招聘率，更是只有区区的11.8%。

甚至像韩国顶尖的首尔大学医院，居然也需要招聘11次，才能招满47名外科医生，可见这诊疗科室的失衡，到了什么样的一个地步。

所以在医生看来，你政府搞扩张也没有用，因为招来的学生，最后还是会流向整形美容机构。

只有对整个医疗制度进行大改革，拿出更细致可行的办法，才能够解决现在的资源分配不均的大问题。

但显然，现在韩国政府并没有耐心和时间，再去制定一套更完整的政策。

因为4月10号韩国国会就将改选，执政党和最大在野党现在的支持率是五五开，所以在政治上，尹锡悦政府没有妥协的空间。

同样的，医生协会也会抓住这个关键，尽可能地延长罢工，来打击尹锡悦的威望。

因此可以预见，在选举结束前，双方都不会让步，韩国民众在这一个月的时间里，还得继续忍受无人看病、手术延后的窘境。

最后从韩国的例子回到中国，应该说，我们在医疗上的问题，其实也有许多相似之处。

我们一样都有科室不平等，人手不足，地区分化和医生过劳等诸多问题，如果讨论更核心的收入，那中国医生的困难更是要大得多。

面临这么多不利条件，我们的医疗系统还能持续运转，没有像韩国一样发生过全国性停摆，这离不开全国医护人员的无私奉献。

只是在现代社会，光讲奉献远远不够，利益的诉求也必须要得到重视。

从这次韩国医生罢工中，我们可以看到，所处立场不同，看待问题的角度就完全不一样。

而中国是一个比韩国大得多的国家，各种利益集团的纠葛还要更加复杂。

如果政策制定只是采信其中一部分的说法，那么就算不会像韩国这样，遭遇公开的反对，在推行的过程里，也一样会碰到各种阻力，最终导致政策失灵或者变形。